Cancer cell reprogramming: a promising therapy converting malignancy to benignity

Gong, Lanqi; Yan, Qian; Zhang, Yu; Fang, Xiaona; Liu, Beilei; Guan, Xinyuan

doi:10.1186/s40880-019-0393-5

Cancer Communications

Table 1 Summary of various reprogramming approaches converting cancer malignancy to benignity

From: Cancer cell reprogramming: a promising therapy converting malignancy to benignity

Cancer type	Cell line	Reprogramming approach	Delivery method	Cell fate	Efficiency	Effects	Publication year	References
Melanoma	R545	In vitro introduction of KLF4, Oct-3/4, c-Myc	Retrovirus	Pluripotent cancer cells	0.05%–0.1%	Demethylation of the Oct-4 and NANOG promoter regions and loss of in vivo tumorigenicity in chimeras	2009	Utikal et al. [59]
Pancreatic cancer	MIAPaCa-2	In vitro introduction of KLF4, Oct-3/4, SOX2, c-Myc	Retrovirus and lentivirus	Pluripotent cancer cells	Not determined	Stable differentiation into varied lineages and loss of in vivo tumorigenicity in NOD/SCID mice	2010	Miyoshi et al. [60]
Hepatocellular carcinoma	PLC
Colorectal carcinoma	DLD-1, HCT116
B cell lymphoma and leukemia	RCH-ACV, CEMO-1, Val, MUTZ5, NALM-20	In vitro introduction of C/EBPα	Retrovirus and lentivirus	Macrophage-like cells	80% partially or entirely reprogrammed	Up-regulation of macrophage-associated markers and loss of in vivo tumorigenicity in immunodeficient mice	2013	Rapino et al. [70]
Hepatocellular carcinoma	HCCLM3 and Huh7	In vitro introduction of HNF1A, HNF4A, and FOXA3	Adenovirus	Hepatocyte-like cells	100% infection efficiency, reprogramming efficiency not determined	Recover of hepatocyte functions and capability of in vivo liver regeneration	2018	Cheng et al. [76]
BCR-ABL1 + precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia	Human B-ALL clinical samples	In vitro delivery of FLT3L, IL-7, IL-3, GM-CSF, MCSF	Culture medium	Macrophage-like cells	53% initially reprogrammed; After sorting, > 98% yield	Recover of phagocytic ability and loss of in vivo tumorigenicity	2015	McClellan et al. [88]
BCR-ABL1 + precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia	Human B-ALL clinical samples	In vitro introduction of C/EBPα or PU.1	Nucleofection	Macrophage-like cells	53% initially reprogrammed; After sorting, > 98% yield		2015	McClellan et al. [88]
Breast cancer	Py2T	In vitro delivery of TGF- β or Trametinib, in vivo EMT induction using Cre mice	Culture medium, animal model	Adipocytes	60% reprogrammed	Recover of in vitro adipocyte functions and loss of in vivo metastatic potential	2019	Ishay-Ronen et al. [89]
Skin cancer	Colo and PC3	in vitro introduction of MicroRNA-302s	Retrovirus	Pluripotent embryonic stem-like cells	100% transfection efficiency, 2%–5% reprogramming efficiency	Stable differentiation into varied lineages and loss of in vivo tumorigenicity	2008	Lin et al. [102]
Breast cancer	MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231	in vitro delivery human embryonic stem cells-derived exosomes	Culture medium	Pluripotent embryonic stem-like cells	90% of breast cancer cells lost Vimentin expression	Recover of benign differentiation pathways and reduction of in vivo tumor-forming potential	2017	Zhou et al. [112]
Colorectal carcinoma	Colo-320 and HT-29		Culture medium	Pluripotent embryonic stem-like cells	90% of breast cancer cells lost Vimentin expression		2017	Zhou et al. [112]

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